For example, you can't frame the house until the foundation is constructed and you can't wire or plumb the house until it is framed. To take the house building example even further, there is an order to constructing a house and relationships between construction actions and activities. To build a house you need Inputs (plans, specifications, permits, financing, building materials, etc.), then you proceed to construction by using Tools and Techniques (skilled labor and trades, concrete, framing, electrical, plumbing, finish work, etc.) when done, you have a house as your Output.

This is where ITTO come in, they allow you to build the house (or, processes and projects in our case). The same location and materials are included in both yet one is a pile of 'things,' the other can be a home that nurtures a family. We all recognize there is a world of difference between a pile of building materials on plot of land and a finished house. I find putting things context helps me to understand them better in this case, using an analogy of building a house works well. Also read PMBOK® Guide 6th Edition Knowledge Areas for Project Management - Process Groups and Processes - The Complete Guide for more on the relationships between Knowledge Areas and Process Groups. Inputs, Tools, Techniques, and Outputs are the foundation and infrastructure of the Project Management processes discussed in the PMBOK® Guide.

Focus on the relationships, not the lists. The PrepCast talks about this, but after taking a few practice exams I found that studying the flow of ITTOs between processes was one thing that I needed to focus on on my own using the PMBOK® Guide, and this definitely paid off on the real exam.

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